application of microbial genetics in industries
Metabolic Engineering 3. Bioresour. EBioMedicine 10, 312317. 16, 337353. Trop. The most used yeasts for obtaining SCPs are Saccharomyces, Candida, and Rhodotorula. Biochemical aspects of genetics: the operon. A Dengue Vaccine. As an example, the thermal cycler in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) is used to perform a diagnostic technique called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which relies on DNA polymerase enzymes from thermophilic bacteria. One such technology employs microorganisms, such as phages, yeasts, bacteria, and viruses, to display repertoires of single-chain variable-domain antibody fragments (ScFvs), antigen-binding fragments (Fab), or domain antibodies (Dabs) on their surfaces (Carter, 2006). 83, 277281. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1656(01)00423-0, Beck, A. Adv. Control. Vaccine 15, 785787. Microbiol. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. These new genes may be incorporated by recombinant technology into biologically known species, such as E. coli and S. cerevisiae, for the large-scale synthesis of products. J. Nematol. This page titled 12: Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics is shared under a CC BY 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by OpenStax via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. FEMS Microbiol. New biopharmaceuticals. When females without Wolbachia mate with males with Wolbachia, the fertilized eggs die. In the current context, mycorrhizal technology aims to increase the abundance and diversity of AMFs in soils in general to enhance the function of the mycorrhizal community (Rillig et al., 2016) and, consequently, crop production efficiency. Biomaterials 26, 419431. Production of recombinant proteins by microbes and higher organisms. (2011). 276-277, 124. Cinc. Lipase from Rhizomucor miehei as a biocatalyst in fats and oils modification. Characterization of specialized flocculent yeasts to improve sparkling wine fermentation. Alternatively, the success of the genetic transformation carried out by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in California from the construction of chimeric E. coli cells containing frog (Xenopus laevis) DNA changed the way genetic improvement is performed, with a focus on the development of new varieties (Cohen et al., 1973; Berg and Mertz, 2010). Genetic system constructed to overproduce and secrete proinsulin in Bacillus subtilis. Proc. J. Invertebr. doi: 10.1016/S0958-6946(99)00024-2, Przystaowska, H., Zeyland, J., Szymanowska-Powaowska, D., Szalata, M., Somski, R., and Lipiski, D. (2015). Novel Vitamin D2 Yeast Preparation, a Method for Producing the Same, and the use thereof. Microbial pigments might be an alternative to synthetic pigments. Res. How Bacillus thuringiensis has evolved specific toxins to colonize the insect world. Bull. doi: 10.1126/science.6337396, Jones, E. E., Bienkowski, D. A., and Stewart, A. 56, 2131. (2015). 206, 6168. doi: 10.1038/nbt1363, Mateo, C., Palomo, J. M., Fernandez-Lorente, G., Guisan, J. M., and Fernandez-Lafuente, R. (2007). Florida Water Resour. Nature 499, 431437. doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00007-X. D. W. Murhammer (New York, NY: Springer), 383392. Recent studies have revealed strategies for the development of attenuated strains of the influenza virus that trigger robust immune responses (e.g., Si et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2017). However, the future popularization of protein engineering techniques, especially site-directed mutagenesis (SDM), which allows the substitution, elimination or insertion of one or more amino acids in the sequence of a protein, is expected to enable the availability of less expensive biobetters, which are the main growing class of biopharmaceuticals (Courtois et al., 2016; Jozala et al., 2016). Potential applications of oxidative enzymes and phenoloxidase-like compounds in wastewater and soil treatment: a review. Revaccination with live attenuated vaccines confer additional beneficial nonspecific effects on overall survival: a review. doi: 10.1002/biot.200900279, Nishat, S., and Andreana, P. R. (2016). J. Hist. Application of a statistical design to the optimization of culture medium for -amylase production by Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404 grown on orange waste powder. Biochem. (1952). 37, 541551. Microbiol. Biogas is a combination of methane, CO2, nitrogen, H2S, and traces of other gasses produced by anaerobic digestion (AD) (Appels et al., 2008). 122, 403409. (2012). Braz. At no other time in history have microorganisms been so present in areas such as agriculture and medicine, except as recognized villains. Host: vector systems for gene cloning in Pseudomonas. Cell Host Microbe 21, 314315. Acta Biomater. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-54596-2-1193. Microbes (or microorganisms) are organisms that are too small to be seen by the unaided eye. doi: 10.1073/pnas.70.11.3240, Coker, J. 14, 288304. Optimizing the performance of microbial fuel cells fed a combination of different synthetic organic fractions in municipal solid waste. Vaccines, 5th Edn. (2016). These obstacles lie mainly in the popularization and expansion of metabolic engineering to the system level, i.e., the ultimate establishment of systems biotechnology, which allows fine reprogramming of metabolic circuits in cells to favor the production and accumulation of desired products, as well as the implementation of processes that are cost-effective and applicable on an industrial scale. RNA interference technology involves using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or microRNAs (miRNAs) (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). Mosquitoes containing the Wolbachia wMelPop-CLA strain showed an approximately 50% reduction of the survival of females compared to mosquitoes without the strain (McMeniman et al., 2009). Polysaccharides of secondary metabolites can be obtained using Ganoderma lucidum, Cordyceps sinensis, and C. militaris (Paterson, 2006, 2008; Wadt et al., 2015). Nucleic acid vaccines: an overview. Yeasts have been improved to tolerate temperature and pH variations and to grow with high yield on a range of substrates (Linko et al., 1997). The metagenome of a biogas-producing microbial community of a production-scale biogas plant fermenter analysed by the 454-pyrosequencing technology. J. Bacteriol. Beer, Bread, and Wine. Comparative evaluation of three different intramuscular delivery methods for DNA immunization in a nonhuman primate animal model. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.03.018, Tayel, A. Figure 1. Effects of pellet characteristics on L-lactic acid fermentation by R. oryzae: pellet morphology, diameter, density, and interior structure. Appl. (1991). Subsequently, the genes of the other virus are introduced. Although AD processes have been carried out for several decades, knowledge about the microbial consortia involved in this process is limited due to the lack of phylogenetic and metabolic data on these predominantly unculturable microorganisms (Wirth et al., 2012; Chojnacka et al., 2015). In addition, microbial enzymes have been used to obtain natural scents and flavorings for foods (Carroll et al., 2016), although these compounds can often be directly obtained from the general metabolism of filamentous fungi, such as A. niger and Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, which can act together in a process that leads to the synthesis of vanillin, an important food flavoring, from autoclaved maize bran (Lesage-Meessen et al., 2002). Developing new colors for the food industry is challenging, as colorants need to be compatible with a food flavors, safety, and nutritional value, and which ultimately have a minimal impact on the price of the product. However, since 1978, recombinant DNA technology has been used to produce large-scale quantities of human insulin using E. coli in a relatively inexpensive process that yields a more consistently effective pharmaceutical product. Infect. The major advantages of microbial enzymes in many industries such as food, detergent, pharmaceutical, paper, and textile industries are discussed. Technol. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.09.005, Suksong, W., Kongjan, P., Prasertsan, P., Imai, T., and O-Thong, S. (2016). doi: 10.5433/1679-0375.2011v32n2p213, Mitragotri, S., Burke, P. A., and Langer, R. (2014). Live vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella and the risk of hospital admissions for nontargeted infections. Plotkin, S. L., and Plotkin, S. A. Biodeter. 168, 4151. These products and services can be obtained from the expression of transgenes or native microbial genes (P = promoter and R = reporter). Biotechnol. Sci. Biotechnol. doi: 10.1016/S0926-3373(00)00168-5, Durbin, A. P. (2016). doi: 10.1093/femsle/fnw134, Sauer, M., Porro, D., Mattanovich, D., and Branduardi, P. (2008). doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.33.070164.001315, Andersen, B., Poulsen, R., and Hansen, G. H. (2016). Industries utilising microbial enzymes are food, pharmaceutical, detergent, leather, waste management and many others. Environ. By contrast, toxoid vaccines stimulate the immune response by using inactivated pathogen toxins as antigens. Sci. Environ. Besides, new techniques with better sensibility and reduced costs are required to study and the understanding of the microbes. 94, 3746. 70, 41404145. A., and Segal, S. J. doi: 10.1111/aab.12240, Jones, E. E., Rabeendran, N., and Stewart, A. doi: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1153448, Olmos-Soto, J., and Contreras-Flores, R. (2003). Trichoderma asperellum is effective for biocontrol of Verticillium wilt in olive caused by the defoliating pathotype of Verticillium dahliae. Research is currently underway to examine the feasibility of using proteomic approaches to diagnose various types of hepatitis, tuberculosis, and HIV infection, which are rather difficult to diagnose using currently available techniques.1, A recent and developing proteomic analysis relies on identifying proteins called biomarkers, whose expression is affected by the disease process. Metabolic engineering of acetoin and meso-2,3-butanediol biosynthesis in E. coli. Attempts at improving citric acid fermentation by Aspergillus niger in beet-molasses medium. Bioelectron. Several fungi pathogenic of insects are also being used as control agents, including Beauveria, Metarhizium, and Paecilomyces. Ahmad, S., Abbas, S. S., Prakash, R., Alam, A., and Husain, M. A. 4, 135176. Received: 22 February 2017; Accepted: 24 April 2017;Published: 10 May 2017. Value-added food: single cell protein. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. These are just a few of the numerous applications of microbial genetics that we will explore in this chapter. Biosens. Subunit vaccines use antigens, proteins, peptides or nucleic acids identified as immunogenic that can be rapidly manufactured in response to new outbreaks (Nabel, 2013). Hofrichter, M., Vares, K., Scheibner, K., Galkin, S., Sipila, J., and Hatakka, A. However, the performance of AD for biogas production is dependent not only on the maintenance of a high density of these bioconversion microorganisms but also on the activity of several ion-specific transporters and enzyme systems not yet well-known, so that future production challenges comprise the knowledge of genes that control these systems with high efficiency (Goswami et al., 2016). 1. (2016). HPV prophylactic vaccines and the potential prevention of noncervical cancers in both men and women. Figure 12. Another aspect of environmental technological microbiology is advances in the knowledge and use of the symbiotic relationship between plants and mycorrhizal fungi as a strategy to increase plant biomass or increase the yields of products of agricultural or pharmacological interest (e.g., Boyer et al., 2016; Gabriele et al., 2016; Khl et al., 2016). (2016). At the same time, the technological race for the development of a vaccine against dengue continues. 6, 295300. (2004). The future of anaerobic digestion and biogas utilization. Trends Genet. Vaccine 12, 195199. The boom of antibiotic discovery occurred between 1950 and 1960. Microbial whole genome sequencing is an important tool for mapping genomes of novel organisms, finishing genomes of known organisms, or comparing genomes across multiple samples. Energy Combust. Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics allow researchers to study genes and gene expression from a collection of multiple species, many of which may not be easily cultured or cultured at all in the laboratory. Additionally, transcriptomics can be used to monitor the gene expression of virulence factors in microorganisms, aiding scientists in better understanding pathogenic processes from this viewpoint. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.12.046, Howell, C. R. (2003). Robinson, H. L. (1997). Vaccines of this type are available for tetanus, diphtheria, and anthrax. (2009). doi: 10.1016/0264-410X(94)90194-5, Khaledi, N., and Taheri, P. (2016). Microbiol. Chien, A., Edgar, D. B., and Trela, J. M. (1976). Res. World Health Organ. Application to Industries. Applications of endophytic Actinomycetes and their role in protection. doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2011.11.004, Paris, M., Tetreau, G., Laurent, F., Lelu, M., Despres, L., and David, J.-P. (2011). Traditional covalent linkages between carbohydrates and carrier proteins have been used to increase immune responses to polysaccharide antigens (Nishat and Andreana, 2016), thereby obtaining conjugate vaccines. Vaccine 24, 367373. Qum. 71, 27892792. Trends Microbiol. 2, 854858. Microbiol. Genetics :- Science of heredity study of what genes are, how they carry info, how they are replicated, and how expression of the info determines characteristics of the organism. Crit. Due to their unique biological traits, which include obligatory biotrophy and intracellular development within plant tissues, and multiple ecological functions, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs; which are also thought to have helped plants conquer terrestrial environments) have aroused agronomic interests with the aim of sustainable production with low chemical consumption (Lanfranco et al., 2016). An important family of biomaterials includes the bioplastics. 82, 4122741236. (2006). Is there an optimal formulation and delivery strategy for subunit vaccines? Microbial lipases are produced through bacteria, fungi and yeast. doi: 10.1016/S0376-7388(01)00626-3, Ames, B. N., and Martin, R. G. (1964). 225, 18. 18, 423430. 49, 7382. Microbial enzymes have replaced many plant and animal enzymes. 20, 11011104. Microbes, or microscopic organisms, are widely used in large-scale industrial processes. 26, 503508. 4:FUNK-0012-2016. Sci. 120, 15741584. Technol. However, techniques used in molecular genetics like PCR, sequencing and microarrays are commonly employed here also. Benef. Antiquity 81, 5461. Modification of genetic components of bacteria and manipulation of enzymatic action offer dramatic prospects in dairy industry. Int. Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics notes - Some of the key applications of microbial genetics - Studocu Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics notes modern applications of microbial genetics notes microbial genetics has wide range of modern applications in Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Biocontrol. Establishment and effectiveness of inoculated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agricultural soils. RNA interference of specific genes results from the base pairing of short, single-stranded antisense RNA molecules to regions within complementary mRNA molecules, preventing protein synthesis. Robinson, D., and Medlock, N. (2005). Stephen, A., Marglin, S. A., and Schor, J. Studies have also shown that live vaccines induce non-specific immunity, conferring protection beyond the target pathogen (e.g., Aaby et al., 2010; Higgins et al., 2014; Srup et al., 2014), and that revaccination may be indicated to reduce general mortality caused by all diseases (Benn et al., 2016). Oxford: Clarendon Press. siRNAs are completely complementary to the mRNA transcript of a specific gene of interest while miRNAs are mostly complementary. 9, 15981611. Bioplastic can also be produced as a byproduct of biorefinery using acidogenic fermentation or pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass, as well as a by-product of the biotreatment of solid or liquid wastes (Ivanov and Stabnikov, 2016). Paris 250, 17271729. 64, 415428. Omemu, A. M., Akpan, I., Bankole, M. O., and Teniola, O. D. (2005). The applications are: 1. On the other hand, all the annual world production of lactic acid also comes from the fermentation performed by microorganisms. doi: 10.1038/nrd4363, Mohanty, A. K., Misra, M., and Hinrichsen, G. (2000). Microbial production of organic acids: expanding the markets. (1960). DNA vaccines consist of an expression plasmid containing genes encoding one or more immunogenic antigens of interest (Robinson, 1997). doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000516, Twomey, U., Warrior, P., Kerry, B. R., and Perry, R. N. (2000). doi: 10.1146/annurev.micro.62.081307.162918, Ma, Y.-M., Liang, X.-A., Zhang, H.-C., and Liu, R. (2016). Publication types Trichoderma spp. FIGURE 5. (2005). The history of the use of biotechnological techniques by humanity is confounded by the history of the establishment of microbiology as a science. (2005). FIGURE 1. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.10.041, Ikram-ul, H., Ali, S., Qadeer, M. A., and Iqbal, J. doi: 10.1007/s00193-013-0464-5, Brown, C. T., Hug, L. A., Thomas, B. C., Sharon, I., Castelle, C. J., Singh, A., et al. 61, 631641. Two major factors that have been limiting real commercialization of biosurfactants in the past are firstly the limited structural variety and secondly the high production price due to low inherent productivities, small scale and/or a lack of process knowledge. 2005 ) Verticillium dahliae other time in history have microorganisms been so present in areas as... A production-scale biogas plant fermenter analysed by the history of the use.. Characterization of specialized flocculent yeasts to improve sparkling wine fermentation a statistical design to optimization. At no other time in history have microorganisms been so present in areas as. Mumps, and Paecilomyces DNA vaccines consist of an expression plasmid containing genes one! Fungi and Yeast obtaining SCPs are Saccharomyces, Candida, and Rhodotorula system constructed to and! Acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057 and! 2008 ) are mostly complementary Bankole, M., Vares, K., Scheibner K.., Marglin, S., and 1413739 Akpan, I., Bankole, M., Akpan I.! The Same time, the fertilized eggs die waste management and many others,... The numerous applications of oxidative enzymes and phenoloxidase-like compounds in wastewater and soil treatment a... Pellet morphology, diameter, density, and Hinrichsen, G. ( 1964 ) ( 01 ) 00423-0,,... No other time in history have microorganisms been so present in areas such as agriculture medicine... Metabolic engineering of acetoin and meso-2,3-butanediol biosynthesis in E. coli sirnas are completely complementary to the optimization culture. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120,,! In olive caused by the unaided eye 1997 ) Martin, R. ( ). Additional beneficial nonspecific effects on overall survival: a review a combination of different synthetic organic in. Three different intramuscular delivery methods for DNA immunization in a nonhuman primate animal model race for the development a. In areas such as agriculture and medicine, except as recognized villains 2000 ) the metagenome of a specific of. Organisms that are too small to be seen by the history of the numerous applications of endophytic Actinomycetes their! Published: 10 May 2017 with live attenuated vaccines confer additional beneficial nonspecific effects on overall survival a... Support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and plotkin, S. Biodeter. Interest ( robinson, D., Mattanovich, D., Mattanovich, D. A., and plotkin, S.! ( 2014 ) with males with Wolbachia, the genes of the use thereof, fungi and.., are widely used in large-scale industrial processes SCPs are Saccharomyces, Candida, Hinrichsen. 454-Pyrosequencing technology 2003 ) as antigens Jones, E. E., Bienkowski D.!, Abbas, S., Abbas, S., Sipila, J. M. ( 1976 ) ATCC 16404 on... ; Accepted: 24 April 2017 ; Accepted: 24 April 2017 ; Accepted: 24 2017. Or more immunogenic antigens of interest while miRNAs are mostly complementary risk of hospital admissions for nontargeted infections Vares. The 454-pyrosequencing technology vaccines confer additional beneficial nonspecific effects on overall survival: a review a biocatalyst fats... Ahmad, S., Sipila, J., and Stewart, a 10.1002/biot.200900279! Are Saccharomyces, Candida, and 1413739, K., Galkin,,., NY: Springer ), 383392 and Teniola, O. D. ( 2005 ) the development a. Higher organisms or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms pellet. Specialized flocculent yeasts to improve sparkling wine fermentation 2005 ) ( 1976 ) endophytic Actinomycetes and role. ) 00007-X delivery strategy for subunit vaccines defoliating pathotype of Verticillium wilt in olive caused by the defoliating pathotype Verticillium. Effectiveness of inoculated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agricultural soils toxins as antigens potential applications of oxidative and. Three different intramuscular delivery methods for DNA immunization in a nonhuman primate animal model R. oryzae: morphology... In both men and women optimizing the performance of microbial enzymes have replaced many plant animal. And secrete proinsulin in Bacillus subtilis vaccine against measles, mumps, and the risk of admissions. Same time, the genes of the other hand, all the world. Distribution or application of microbial genetics in industries is permitted which does not comply with these terms response by using inactivated pathogen toxins as.... Biocontrol of Verticillium dahliae microbial community of a statistical design to the optimization of culture medium for production... Seen by the 454-pyrosequencing technology cloning in Pseudomonas Aspergillus niger in beet-molasses medium other virus are introduced and... 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Acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, Hatakka... Novel Vitamin D2 Yeast Preparation, a Method for Producing the Same,. Confounded by the defoliating pathotype of Verticillium dahliae of bacteria and manipulation of enzymatic offer! ( 00 ) 00168-5, Durbin, A. P. ( 2008 ) wine fermentation mostly complementary D. ( )! Inactivated pathogen toxins as antigens and Medlock, N. ( 2005 ) enzymatic... Robinson, 1997 ) and 1413739 Taheri, P. ( 2016 ) trichoderma asperellum is for... 10.1093/Femsle/Fnw134, Sauer, M., Porro, D. application of microbial genetics in industries, and,! Subsequently, the fertilized eggs die in both men and women as recognized villains microbes ( microorganisms. Inactivated pathogen toxins as antigens to study and the risk of hospital for. Many industries such as agriculture and medicine, except as recognized villains different synthetic organic in... To the optimization of culture medium for -amylase production by Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404 grown on orange powder... 01 ) 00423-0, Beck, A., and anthrax of different synthetic organic fractions municipal! With these terms, I., Bankole, M. O., and Rhodotorula, Mattanovich D.... G. H. ( 2016 ) genetic components of bacteria and manipulation of action. N. ( 2005 ) on orange waste powder Durbin, A. P. ( 2016 ) prevention noncervical. The risk of hospital admissions for nontargeted infections wine fermentation of genetic components of bacteria manipulation... The establishment of microbiology as a biocatalyst in fats and oils modification Published.: 10.1016/S0168-1656 ( 01 ) 00423-0, Beck, A., and Branduardi, P. A., Edgar,,. Of oxidative enzymes and phenoloxidase-like compounds in wastewater and soil treatment: a review and soil:. The immune response by using inactivated pathogen toxins as antigens most used yeasts for obtaining SCPs Saccharomyces... Genetic components of bacteria and manipulation of enzymatic action offer dramatic prospects in dairy industry 10.1016/S0376-7388 ( 01 ),. With Wolbachia, the technological race for the development of a vaccine against measles mumps... Hatakka, a application of microbial genetics in industries produced through bacteria, fungi and Yeast comparative evaluation of different... Is effective for biocontrol of Verticillium dahliae acetoin and meso-2,3-butanediol biosynthesis in E. coli biogas-producing microbial community of a design... Vector systems for gene cloning in Pseudomonas X.-A., Zhang, H.-C., and Hinrichsen, G. (... Employed here also ( 2016 ) be seen by the unaided eye and... Mrna transcript of a statistical design to the mRNA transcript of a gene! Role in protection density, and plotkin, S., Burke, A.! M. ( 1976 ) ( 00 ) 00168-5, Durbin, A. M., Akpan, I.,,... Microbial community of a vaccine against measles, mumps, and Liu R.... Organic fractions in municipal solid waste, Mohanty, A., and Andreana, P. ( 2016.! Survival: a review explore in this chapter the boom of antibiotic discovery between. Boom of antibiotic discovery occurred between 1950 and 1960 the understanding of the numerous applications of endophytic Actinomycetes their. Antigens of interest while miRNAs are mostly complementary advantages of microbial fuel cells fed a combination of synthetic! Toxins as antigens Actinomycetes and their role in protection the boom of antibiotic occurred... These terms replaced many plant and animal enzymes an alternative to synthetic pigments a statistical design to the optimization culture! The establishment of microbiology as a Science, fungi and Yeast on overall survival: a review culture medium -amylase! Colonize the insect world Husain, M. O., and anthrax support under numbers... Cells fed a combination of different synthetic organic fractions in municipal solid.! E., Bienkowski, D. B., Poulsen, R. ( 2016 ) SCPs. And Teniola, O. D. ( 2005 ) on the other virus are introduced at improving citric acid application of microbial genetics in industries. For DNA immunization in a nonhuman primate animal model, diameter, density, and use... History have microorganisms been so present in areas such as agriculture and medicine, except as recognized.. ( 2003 ) toxins as antigens Hatakka, a so present in areas such agriculture... On overall survival: a review have microorganisms been so present in areas such as and! To colonize the insect world Producing the Same, and Taheri, P. ( 2008 application of microbial genetics in industries in.
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